Introduction Traditional RAG systems treat knowledge as a collection of text chunks—embedded, indexed, and retrieved based on semantic similarity. This works well for simple factual lookup, but fails when questions require understanding relationships, dependencies, or multi-hop reasoning. Graph RAG fundamentally reimagines how knowledge is represented: instead of flat documents, information is structured as a graph of entities and relationships. This enables LLMs to traverse connections, follow dependencies, and reason about how concepts relate to each other. ...

Introduction Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) transformed how LLMs access external knowledge. But traditional RAG has a fundamental limitation: it’s passive. You retrieve once, hope it’s relevant, and generate an answer. If the retrieval fails, the entire system fails. Agentic RAG changes this paradigm. Instead of a single retrieve-then-generate pass, an AI agent actively plans retrieval strategies, evaluates results, reformulates queries, and iterates until it finds sufficient information—or determines that it cannot. ...

Introduction Claude Code introduces a powerful feature called Skills—a way to teach Claude repeatable, specialized capabilities that persist across sessions. Think of Skills as plugins for behavior: structured instruction sets that define exactly what Claude should do, when to do it, and which tools it can use. Unlike one-off prompts that you type into chat, Skills are persistent, discoverable, and automatically selected by Claude based on context. They transform Claude from a general-purpose assistant into a specialized agent that can reliably perform complex, domain-specific tasks. ...

As large language models become more capable, the challenge shifts from “can they reason?” to “can they act?” The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is Anthropic’s answer to this question—a standardized way for LLMs to discover, understand, and safely use tools, data, and actions in the real world. Before MCP, every AI application required custom integrations, hard-coded tool definitions, and fragile glue code. MCP changes this by providing a universal protocol that any LLM can use to interact with external systems. ...

In 2017, a team at Google published a paper that would fundamentally reshape the landscape of machine learning. “Attention Is All You Need” by Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer architecture—a bold departure from the recurrent and convolutional approaches that had dominated sequence modeling for years. The paper’s central thesis was radical: you don’t need recurrence or convolution at all. Just attention mechanisms and feed-forward networks are sufficient to achieve state-of-the-art results in sequence-to-sequence tasks. ...