LLMs

Introduction Tokenizers are the unsung heroes of large language models (LLMs), converting raw text into numerical sequences that models can process. Without tokenization, LLMs couldn’t interpret human language, as they operate solely on numbers.[1][4][5] This comprehensive guide explores how tokenizers work, focusing on Byte Pair Encoding (BPE)—the dominant method in modern LLMs like GPT series—while covering fundamentals, algorithms, challenges, and practical implications.[3][5] Why Tokenization Matters in LLMs Tokens are the fundamental units—“atoms”—of LLMs. Everything from input processing to output generation happens in tokens.[3][5] Tokenization breaks text into discrete components, assigns each a unique ID, and maps it to an embedding vector for the model.[1][2][4] ...

Introduction “AI agents” are everywhere in current discourse: customer support agents, coding agents, research agents, planning agents. But the term is often used loosely, sometimes referring to: A single large language model (LLM) call A script that calls a model and then an API A complex system that plans, acts, remembers, and adapts over time To design, evaluate, or improve AI agents, you need a clear mental model of what an agent actually is and how its parts work together. ...

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-2 and BERT have revolutionized natural language processing, and TensorFlow provides powerful tools to build, train, and deploy them. This detailed guide walks you through using TensorFlow and Keras for LLMs—from basics to advanced transformer architectures, fine-tuning pipelines, and on-device deployment.[1][2][4] Whether you’re prototyping a sentiment analyzer or fine-tuning GPT-2 for custom tasks, TensorFlow’s high-level Keras API simplifies complex workflows while offering low-level control for optimization.[1][2] ...

Large Language Models (LLMs) power everything from chatbots to code generation, but scaling them for training, fine-tuning, and inference demands distributed computing expertise. Ray, an open-source framework, simplifies this with libraries like Ray LLM, Ray Serve, Ray Train, and Ray Data, enabling efficient handling of massive workloads across GPU clusters.[1][5] This guide takes you from zero knowledge to hero status, covering installation, core concepts, hands-on examples, and production deployment. What is Ray and Why Use It for LLMs? Ray is a unified framework for scaling AI and Python workloads, eliminating the need for multiple tools across your ML pipeline.[5] For LLMs, Ray LLM builds on Ray to optimize training and serving through distributed execution, model parallelism, and high-performance inference.[1] ...

Large Language Models (LLMs) power tools like ChatGPT, revolutionizing how we interact with AI. This zero-to-hero guide takes you from foundational machine learning concepts to building, fine-tuning, and deploying LLMs, with curated link resources for hands-on learning.[1][2][3] Whether you’re a beginner with basic Python skills or an intermediate learner aiming for expertise, this post provides a structured path. We’ll cover theory, practical implementations, and pitfalls, drawing from top courses and tutorials. ...