How TCP Slow Start Becomes Congestion Avoidance
A deep dive into TCP’s Slow Start and how it evolves into Congestion Avoidance, explaining the algorithms, thresholds, and real‑world impact.
Networking
The Performance Tradeoffs of TLS 1.3 Zero Round‑Trip Resumption
A deep dive into TLS 1.3 0‑RTT resumption, covering handshake mechanics, latency benefits, replay risks, and practical configuration advice.
Why Your Single TCP Connection Still Faces Packet Loss Stalls
Even a lone TCP stream can stall due to packet loss. This post breaks down where loss occurs and how to diagnose and fix it.
How Kubernetes Networking Works Internally: A Comprehensive Technical Guide for Backend Engineers
Introduction Kubernetes has become the de‑facto platform for running containerized workloads at scale. While most developers interact with the API server, pods, and services daily, the underlying networking layer remains a black box for many. Yet, a solid grasp of how Kubernetes networking works internally is essential for backend engineers who need to: Diagnose connectivity issues quickly. Design resilient multi‑tier applications. Implement secure network policies. Choose the right CNI plugin for their workload characteristics. This guide dives deep into the internals of Kubernetes networking, covering everything from the Linux network namespace that isolates each pod to the sophisticated routing performed by kube-proxy. Along the way, you’ll find practical code snippets, YAML examples, and real‑world context that you can apply to production clusters today. ...
Understanding HTTP/3: The Next Evolution of the Web Protocol
Introduction The web has been built on a series of incremental protocol improvements. From the original HTTP/0.9, through the widely‑deployed HTTP/1.1, to the multiplexed, binary HTTP/2, each version has tackled the performance bottlenecks of its predecessor. Yet, the underlying transport layer—TCP—has become a limiting factor in an era dominated by mobile devices, high‑latency networks, and ever‑growing media payloads. Enter HTTP/3, the first major web protocol that abandons TCP entirely in favor of QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections), a transport protocol built on top of UDP. HTTP/3 promises faster connection establishment, reduced head‑of‑line blocking, built‑in encryption, and smoother migration across network changes. In this article we will: ...